Fitting Shapes Safety Tips
Solvent chemicals for joining PVC and other solvent welded pipe and fittings have fumes, so use plenty of ventilation when using them.
When sweating a joint, use a flame shield to keep the propane flame from setting fire to surrounding areas, such as wooden floor joists.
Use safety glasses or goggles, especially when soldering or applying pipe glue to a joint above your head. Also, be sure to wear a hat and gloves.
Always use lead-free solder on water lines
Cap
Is closed on one end and fits over end of pipe run to seal a run of pipe or a fitting.
Either has female threads (for galvanized pipe) or no threads (for copper, PVC and other solvent welded pipe).
Plug
Is closed on one end and either has male threads (for galvanized pipe) or no threads (for PVC and other solvent welded pipe.
Used to seal a run of pipe or fitting.
A Cleanout Plug can be added to a tee at the base of a vertical drain pipe. The plug is threaded for easy access to the drain. The threaded fitting for the plug can be added on, or some tee fittings have the threaded connection built-in.
Coupling
Connects two lengths of pipe.
Has female thread on both ends (for galvanized pipe) or no threads (for copper, PVC and other solvent-welded pipe).
A Reducer Coupling joins two different sizes of pipe.
An Adapter Coupling joins two different types of connection types, such as threaded and solvent weld.
A Repair Coupling, or mender coupling, has no center stop so two lengths of pipe can be fastened together. Use on unthreaded lengths of pipe.
A Fitting Trap Adapter adapts PVC to tubular traps used for sinks.
Elbow
Changes the direction of the pipe, usually at a 45 degree, 90 degree or 22-1/2 degree angle.
Most common are elbows with female threads or solvent welds on both ends.
A Street Elbow has a female end on one end and a male end on the other. Also available for solvent welded products.
A Sweep is a type of elbow that has a longer curve for a more gradual bend. Available in long or short versions. In two-piece toilets, a Closet Bend attaches a toilet tank to the bowl.
Reducing Elbows change the size of the pipe.
Adapter Elbows change from one type of joint to another, such as from a threaded connection to a solvent weld connection.
Nipple
Any length of pipe less than 12 inches used to extend a run of pipe.
Usually available in increments of 1 inch, from close (the shortest length, where threads almost touch) to 12 inch.
Longer lengths of pipe are considered cut lengths and are available in 24 inch increments
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Bushing
Male threaded on one end with a smaller diameter female thread on the other.
Inserted inside a coupling to reduce the size of the pipe.
With a Reducer Bushing, any number of reductions can be made to reduce and couple to another size of pipe.
As Adapter Bushing connects different types of pipe, such as PVC to CPVC.
Reducer
Attaches directly to pipe threads to reduce pipe size.
Female threaded.
Can refer to couplings, tees, or elbows.
Tees
Three female openings in a T shape.
Straight tees have the same size openings.
Reducing Tees have two openings of the same size and one of a different size.
Sanitary Tees are used in waste lines. They have a curved branch designed for a cleanout plug and are designed to prevent obstruction of waste.
A Cross has four female openings of equal size.
A Wing Tee has lugs for fastening the fitting to a wall or stud.
A Compression Tee uses compression fittings on two or more ends.
A Test Tee has a threaded opening to be used in conjunction with a threaded plug for a cleanout opening on a drain pipe.
Wye Bend
Also called a Y Bend.
Has three female openings. Two are straight in a line; the third is at a 45 degree angle.
A Reducing Wye has two openings of the same size and the third Y opening of a different size.
A Double Wye has four openings.
Floor Flange
Connects a pipe to a wall, floor or any flat surface.
Flanges are threaded onto pipe and tightened. Four screw holes allow the flange rim to attach to a flat surface.
A Closet Flange is made to connect toilets to drain and vent systems.
Another type is the Offset Closet Flange that is used when the drain pipe has been incorrectly positioned.
The adjustable ring on some closet flanges allows for easier toilet alignment.
Saddle Tee
Joins a smaller drainpipe to a larger one, such as a 1-1/2" pipe to a 3" pipe.
Used when installing a drain on existing plumbing. Saves the labor of cutting and rejoining the main pipe.
Some types are made for joining a PVC pipe to a cast iron drain.
Drop Ear Elbow
Provides a rigid installation for mounting an elbow to a wall.
Usually used for installing a shower arm or washer hose valve.
Some variations include fittings that can transition from plastic to brass or copper.
Also known as a wing elbow
Pipe Clamp
Also known as a repair plate.
Used to repair small holes in pipes.
Consists of two concave pieces of metal and a rubber gasket. The clamp is tightened over the pipe with the gasket over the leak.
Easiest way to repair a leaky pipe
Courtesy of NRHA.org
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