Alternative Fueled Vehicles and Alternative Vehicle Fuels
Driving a car fueled by something other than gasoline or diesel fuel is no longer the stuff of science fiction. In addition to conventional gasoline and diesel fuel, reformulated -- cleaner -- gasoline and alternative fuels are now sold in many parts of the country. Alternative fuels such as methanol, ethanol, compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and electricity produce fewer tail pipe pollutants than conventional gasoline and diesel fuel. Using them could improve our air quality.
In 1992, Congress passed the Energy Policy Act to promote the use of alternative fuels. The law requires owners of fleet vehicles to purchase a certain number of alternative fueled vehicles. Congress also directed the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to issue labeling requirements for alternative fuels and alternative fueled vehicles. Two FTC Rules -- the Alternative Fuels and Vehicles (AFV) Rule and the Fuel Rating Rule -- require fuel dispensers and alternative fueled vehicles to be labeled to help consumers make knowledgeable decisions when they fill up or buy a vehicle. The AFV Rule applies to both new and used alternative fueled vehicles. These may be sold to consumers or leased for a minimum of 120 days.
Alternative Fueled Vehicles
AFVs are vehicles that operate on alternative fuels designated by the U.S. Department of Energy. They may use:
- Methanol
- Ethanol
- Compressed natural gas
- Liquefied petroleum gas
- Electricity
Some AFVs can run on conventional fuels, such as gasoline, and alternative fuels. These are called dual-fueled vehicles.
Labels must be placed in plain view on the surface of all new and used AFVs. The labels on new AFVs must include the vehicle's cruising range as estimated by the manufacturer and its environmental impact, as well as general descriptive information. It's important to know how many miles your new AFV will travel on a supply of fuel because some AFVs don't travel as far as gasoline-powered vehicles. The label's description of the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) emission standard tells you whether a vehicle meets an EPA emissions standard. If it does, a box on the label will be marked and a caret (^) will be placed above the particular vehicle's certification standard. The label also shows the level of emissions standards in range from a "Tier l" vehicle - one with more emissions - to a "ZEV" -- a zero emissions vehicle.
The labels on new and used AFVs also advise consumers to consider the following items before buying or leasing an AFV:
- Fuel type. What kind of fuel powers the vehicle?
- Operating costs. Fuel and maintenance costs for AFVs may differ from gasoline or diesel-fueled vehicles.
- Performance/convenience. Vehicles powered by different fuels vary in their ability to start when they are cold, acceleration rates, the time it takes to completely refill the vehicle's tank, and how they are refueled.
- Fuel availability. Are refueling or recharging facilities available in your area for the fuel the vehicle uses?
- Energy security/renewability. Where and how the fuel is produced will help you anticipate long-term fuel availability and pricing.
These labels also must include additional sources of information from the federal government: The Department of Energy maintains a toll-free National Alternative Fuels Hotline to answer questions about alternative fuels, give information about the availability of alternative fuels in a particular area, and suggest more sources of information about alternative fuels and alternative fueled vehicles. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's toll-free hotline offers information about safety related automobile issues.
In addition, because all vehicles affect the environment directly (tailpipe emissions) and indirectly (how the fuel is produced and brought to market), the labels on used AFVs advise consumers to compare the environmental costs of driving an AFV to driving a gasoline-powered vehicle.
Alternative Fuels
Among the fuels covered by the Fuel Rating Rule and the Alternative Fuels and Vehicles Rule are methanol, ethanol, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gases, hydrogen, coal derived liquid fuels, and electricity. Methanol is an odorless, clear liquid produced from natural gas, coal, or biomass resources, such as crop and forest residues. It usually is sold as a blend of 85 percent methanol and 15 percent gasoline. Ethanol, a liquid produced from grain or agricultural waste, usually is sold as a blend of 85 percent denatured ethanol and 15 percent gasoline.
The labels for these fuels are orange to distinguish them from gasoline octane labels, which are yellow. They must be placed on the fuel dispenser so that they are fully visible to consumers.
Gasoline labels tell you the octane rating. Alternative fuel labels describe the fuel and its principal component(s). The rating for an alternative fuel -- other than electricity -- is the amount of its principal component, expressed as a minimum percentage. For electric vehicle fuel dispensing systems, the fuel rating is a common identifier, such as electricity, and the kilowatt capacity, voltage, whether the voltage is alternating or direct current, amperage, and whether the system is conductive or inductive.
Consider the Alternatives
Why consider switching to alternative fueled vehicles or alternative fuels? According to the Department of Energy, emissions from the 200 million cars and trucks on U.S. roads -- mostly hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide -- account for about 50 percent of all air pollution and more than 80 percent of urban air pollution. Driving alternative fueled vehicles could reduce the level of vehicle emissions, and choosing domestically produced alternative fuels instead of imported oil could help reduce the trade deficit, create jobs, and promote economic activity.
At the same time, be aware that some alternative fuels have a lower energy content than gasoline. Some do not allow consumers to travel as many miles as they could in a vehicle powered with gasoline or diesel fuel. In addition, an AFV may cost more than a comparable gasoline-powered vehicle.
The good news is that you can help reduce pollution from vehicle emissions even if you don't choose an AFV. If you live or work in an area where air pollution is a continuing problem, you may be able to find reformulated gasoline. Reformulated gasoline is conventional gasoline with added oxygen. It burns more cleanly than conventional gasoline. It is required in areas with the most serious levels of ozone air pollution and is being used by choice in others.
